Coordinating Conjunctions

y — and

• Joins similar ideas (words, phrases, clauses).
• Used in most situations.
• Always placed before the following word.

e — and (beforei-orhi-)

• Replacesywhen the next word begins with the soundi-orhi-.
• Avoids awkward repetition of the “y” sound.
• Applies only if the “i” is pronounced (not silent).

o — or

• Presents options or alternatives.
• Used in most situations.
• Always placed before the option.

u — or (beforeo-orho-)

• Replacesowhen the next word begins with the soundo-orho-.
• Avoids awkward repetition of the “o” sound.

pero — but

• Introduces a contrast or exception.
• Doesnotcancel the first idea, just adds nuance.

sino — but rather

• Corrects or contradicts a negative statement.
• Often used afterno....
• Means “but rather” or “instead.”

ni — neither... nor

• Joins two or more negative elements.
• Used to say none of the options apply.

que — and / than (literary/stylistic)

• Used in formal, literary, or archaic contexts.
• Can meanandorthandepending on usage.
• Rare in everyday conversation.