Spanish, also known as Castilian, is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula. Its history spans over two millennia and reflects a rich tapestry of cultural influences.
Origins
Spanish evolved from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire, which conquered the Iberian Peninsula around 200 BCE. As Latin mixed with local languages, it gradually transformed into the early forms of Spanish.
Medieval Period
During the Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Castile played a key role in shaping the language. The first written records in Spanish, such as the Glosas Emilianenses (10th century), show the transition from Latin to a distinct Romance language.
Influence of Other Languages
Spanish absorbed vocabulary and cultural elements from several languages:
- Arabic: During the Moorish rule (8th–15th centuries), many Arabic words entered Spanish, especially in science, architecture, and everyday life.
- Indigenous languages: After Columbus’s voyages, Spanish incorporated terms from Native American languages in the Americas.
- Italian, French, and English: Later borrowings came from these languages due to trade, politics, and cultural exchange.
Standardization
The publication of Gramática de la lengua castellana by Antonio de Nebrija in 1492 was a milestone. It was the first grammar book of Spanish and helped standardize the language.
Expansion
Spanish spread worldwide during the Age of Exploration and colonization, becoming the dominant language in much of the Americas, as well as parts of Africa and Asia.
Modern Spanish
Today, Spanish is a global language spoken by over 500 million people. It continues to evolve, influenced by regional dialects, technological advances, and cultural trends.
Spanish’s history is a story of adaptation and diversity, reflecting the many peoples and cultures that have shaped it over time.
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Last updated: Thu Jul 17, 2025